










V v ..l^Lf* 'Q 



' ./\ 










JP^K V 















■° " ^ *f! 




*° £% 



.»•• 











>0 X 










C° * SJ*»l" °o 







9° 

<** ,cr *» ,, A!'» *b„ 4* • «•!•♦ ^ or 

> 



rf>* 






^ 



^ 



i.* v .•i^'.'s 



• s\ 









4? -■•'• 



/ V : 







QUiESTIONES GRAMMATICS: 

OR 

GRAMMATICAL EXERCISES, 

BY QUESTION ONLY. 

FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS. 

PARTICULARLY ADAPTED TO ADAM'S LATIN GRAMMAR. 
WITH AN 

APPENDIX, 

CONTAINING 

A LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS. 
By JOSEPH DANA, a. m. 



SECOND EDITION, CORRECTED AND ADAPTED TO GOULD'S EDITION 
OF ADAM'S LATIN GRAMMAR. 




Boston : 

HILLIARD, GRAY, LITTLE AND WILKINS. 

1828. 






DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS, to wit : 

District Clerk's Office. 

Be it remembered, That on the twenty-third day of October, 
A. D. 1828, in the fifty-third year of the Independence of the United 
States of America, Hilliarcl^ Gray, Little and Wilkins, of the said 
District, have deposited in this Office the title of a Rook, the right 
whereof they claim as Proprietors, in the words following, to wit: 

"Questiones Grammatical : or Grammatical Exercises, by Question 
only. For the Use of Schools. Particularly adapted to Adam's Latin 
Grammar. With an Appendix, containing- a List of Irregular Verbs. 
By Joseph Dana, A. M. Second Edition, corrected and adapted to 
Gould's Edition of Adam's Latin Grammar." 

In conformity to the Act of the Congress of the United States, entitled 
"An Act for the Encouragement of Learning, by securing the Copies 
of Maps, Charts and Books, to the Authors and Proprietors of such Cop- 
ies, during the times therein mentioned:" and also to an Act, entitled, "An 
Act supplementary to an Act, entitled, An Act for the Encouragement 
of Learning, by securing the Copies of Maps, Charts and Books, to the 
Authors and Proprietors of such Copies, during the times therein men- 
tioned ; and extending the Benefits thereof to the Arts of Designing, 
Engraving and Etching Historical, and other Prints." 

Txrn av riAviQ $ Clerk of the District 
JNO. W. DAVIS,£ Qf Ma J ssachuse{fs . 

f03 



JAMES LORJNG, PRINTER. 



PREFACE. 



A thorough and familiar acquaintance 
with the Grammar of the Latin language is 
acknowledged to be a most important part of 
classical education. The pupil, who shall 
have acquired this, will have already sur- 
mounted the most formidable obstacles to his 
progress, and may reasonably expect to find 
his course of Latin studies easy, pleasant, and 
honorable. 

With a hope of contributing something to 
promote this object, this little work has been 
prepared. It pursues the general method of 



IV 



an English work, published with the same ti- 
tle, accommodated to the grammar of the 
Eton School. It asserts no claim to origin- 
ality in design, nor to peculiar skill in the ex- 
ecution. Its questions, it is hoped, will be 
found to embrace all the general principles 
and rules of the grammar, with as much of 
the details as will consist with the conven- 
ience of instructors generally. To those who 
may think it expedient to proceed to a great- 
er degree of minuteness, the notes at the 
bottom of the page may suggest materials 
for further questions. 

The advantage and even necessity of 
adopting occasionally this mode of instruction* 
by question, is obvious to all who have 
observed the progress of youthful study. 
Even to the diligent and industrious pupil it 
will not be without its use. It is found by 
experience that the form of words contained 
in the grammar may be committed to memory, 
and its rules may be mechanically repeated 



\ 



without any just sense of their spirit and 
import. The efforts of the instructor must 
be unremittingly exerted, to familiarize to 
his pupil the subjects of his studies, and to 
present them to his mind in such a form as 
shall be adapted to excite his interest, and to 
compel him to reflect, to discriminate, and 
to judge. 



GRAMMATICAL QUESTIONS. 



What is Grammar -? 

What are rudiments of Grammar ? 

What is Orthography ? 

What is the number of Letters in the Latin ? 

How are the letters divided ? 

Which are the Vowels ? 

Which of the letters are called Mutes ? 

Why are they so called ? 

Which of the consonants are called Semivow- 
els ? 

Which of the semivowels are called Liquids, 
and why ? 

Which of the letters are called Double con- 
sonants ? 

What is a Diphthong ? 

What is a Proper diphthong ? Give an ex- 
ample. 

What is an Improper diphthong ? 



8 

What is a Syllable ? 

What is a Monosyllable ? dissyllable ? poly- 
syllable ? 

ETYMOLOGY. 

What is a word ? 

What is Etymology ? 

How are Words divided ? 

What is a Simple word ? Give an example. 

What is a Compound word ? Give an example. 

What is a Primitive word ? Give an example. 

What is a Derivative word ? Give an example. 

PARTS OF SPEECH. 
What are parts of Speech ? 
How many parts of Speech are there ? 
Name the parts of speech ? 
Which of the parts of speech are declined ? 
Which undeclined ? 

OF NOUNS. 
What are the two classes of Nouns ?* 
What is a Substantive noun ? 



* The adjective seems to be improperly called noun : it iff 
only a word added to a substantive or noun, expressive of its 
quality. But as the substantive and adjective together express 
but one object, and in Latin are declined in the same manner, 
they have been comprehended under the same general name. 



What is a Proper substantive or name ? 

What is a Common substantive or name ? 

How are Latin nouns declined ? 

How many Genders have nouns ? 

How many Cases* have nouns ? Name them. 

How many Numbers have nouns ? 

What are the Englishf signs of the cases of 
Latin nouns ? 

How many Declensions have Latin nouns ? 

How are the declensions distinguished ? 

What is the termination of the genitivej singu- 
lar in each declension ? 

GENERAL RULES OF DECLENSION. 
What cases of neuter nouns are alike in both 

numbers ? 
What is the termination of these nouns in the 

Plural number ? 
What cases in the plural number of all nouns 

end alike ? 
Which of the cases in the Singular number of 

nouns of all genders are usually alike ? 



* Cases are changes of the terminations of nouns to express 
the relations of things : the nominative is called by grammari- 
ans casus rectus ; the others casus obliqui. 

t The English signs of the Latin cases are a or an, and the, of 
the nominative and accusative ; of, or s with an apostrophe, of 
the genitive ; to or for of the dative ; o, or an address to a person, 
of the vocative ; and with, in, by and from, of the ablative. 

% Sometimes instead of « in the genitive of the first declen- 
sion, the poets use di ; as Jluldi in medio. Virg, 



10 

What is peculiar to the declination of proper 
names ?* 

GENDER. 

What do the genders severally denote ?■ 
What is understood by a noun of the common || 

gender ? doubtful gender ? 
On what does the gender of nouns, signifying 

things without life, usuallyf depend ? 
How do you ascertain the gender of the names 

of brute J animals ? 
What gender have the names of months, H" 

winds, rivers, and mountains ? Why so ? 
What is the gender of the names of countries, § 

towns, trees, and ships ? Why ? 

* Proper names have no plural ; unless several of the same 
name be spoken of; as duodecim Ccesares. 

|| There is also a class of nouns found in good authors, some- 
times in one gender and sometimes in another: as, hie or hcec 
finis: hie or hoc vulgus. Such are said to be of the doubtful 
gender. 

t On their termination and declension. 

X They usually follow the gender of their termination. Thus, 
aquila, aq eagle, is feminine, because nouns in a, of the first de- 
clension, are feminine. 

"T They are masculine, because yn-p.nsis, venttis, rn.nns 7 and fiu- 
vius are masculine ; and because a proper or particular name usu- 
ally follows the gender of the general name under which it is 
comprehended : as hie Aprilis, hie Tiberis. 

$ These are feminine, because terra, urbs, arbor, and navis 
are feminine : thus haec JEgyptus, haec Corinthus, &c. To these 
may be added the names of islands : as haec Cyprus ; also of ma 
ny jewels and plants, from gemma and planta, fem. 



11 



FIRST DECLENSION. 

What are the terminations of the first declen- 
sion ? 

What is the termination of Latin nouns of this 
declension ? 

Of what gender are these nouns ?* 

Decline penna, a pen. 

What nouns of this declension form the dative 
and ablative plural differently from penna?f 

What appears to be the purpose of this differ- 
ence ? 

Decline filia. 

What are the terminations of the Greek nouns 
of this declension ? 

What is the gender of each ? 

Decline JEneas. Decline Anchises. Decline 
Penelope. 

SECOND DECLENSION. 

What are the terminations of nouns in the sec- 
ond declension ? 



* They are feminine. The exceptions are few ■ Hadria, the 
Adriatic sea; cometa, a comet ; planet a, a planet ; are mascu- 
line; so sometimes taljja, a mole ; dama, a fallow deer. Pascka, 
the passover, is neuter. 

f Filia, nata, dea, dornina, socia, faniula, serva, anima, equa, 
■mala, asina, liherta, and conscrva have usually abus in the dative 
and ablative, to distinguish thern from masculines in us. 

Nouns in es and e sometimes form the accusative in cm. 
Sometimes the genitive plural of Latin nouns of this declension 
is contracted ; as ; ccelicolum for ctflicolarum ; JEneadum for JF.- 
neadarum. 



12 

Of what gender* are nouns of this declension ? 

Which are of the neuter gender ? 

Decline gener, a son in law. 

Decline ager, a field. 

Decline dontinus, a lord. 

Decline regnum, a kingdom. 

How do proper names in ius form the voca- 
tive? 

Decline Virgilius. Decline filius.\ Decline 
Deus. 

Which are the Greek terminations of this de- 
clension ? 

How are nouns in ost declined ? 

Decline Alpheos, a Grecian river. 

How are nouns in on declined ? 

Decline Ilion, the city Troy. 

THIRD DECLENSION. 

How many terminations or final letters has the 
third declension ? 



* Humus, alvus, and vannus, are exceptions ; these with a few 
nouns derived from Greek nouns in os are feminine ; also some 
names of jewels and plants ; as hsec beryllus ; haec carbunculus. 

t Filius and genius form the vocative in i, Deus has Deus in 
the vocative, and in the plural Dii, and Diis, more frequently 
than Dei' and Deis. 

Populus, xulgus, chorus, agnus, lucus, fluvius, and Bacchus, i 
sometimes, according to the poets, make the vocative in e or us. 

X Nouns in os form the accusative in urn or on. 



13 



Of what gender* are the nouns of this declen- 



sion ? 



When is a noun said to increase ?f 

When is a noun said to increase in the plural ? 

Decline sermo, speech. 

Decline rupes, a rock. 

Decline lapis, a stone. 

Decline caput, a head* 

Decline sedile, a seat. 

Decline iter, a journey. 
Decline opus, a work. 
Decline parens, a parent. 
What are the exceptions! in the formation of 
the accusative singular ? 

What nouns form the ablative in i ?|| 

What nouns form the genitive plural in ium ? 



* Nouns in o, n, er, or, and os are masculine : 

in as, es, is, ys, x, and s after a consonant are feminine : 
in a, e, i, y, and t, are neuter ; but from these are 
many exceptions. 

t A noun is said to increase, when it has more syllables in any 
of the other cases, than in the nominative: as rex, re^is : it is 
said to increase in the plural, when in any plural case it has more 
syllables than in the genitive singular. 

t Some nouns in is have im in the accusative ; as, sitis, sitim: 
some have both em and im ; as, navis, navem and navim. 

|l Nouns in e, and neuters in al and ar, have i in the ablative. 

2 



14 



FOURTH DECLENSION. 

How are nouns of the fourth* declension dis- 
tinguished ? 

What are the endings of nouns in this declen- 
sion ? 

Of what gender are nouns of this declension ? 

What is peculiar to neuter nouns of this de- 
clension ? 

Decline fructas. Decline coniu. Decline 
domus.% 

FIFTH DECLENSION. 

How are nouns of this declension || distinguish- 
ed ? Decline res, a thing. 

IRREGULAR NOUNS. 
What are the three classes of irregular nouns ? 

VARIABLE NOUNS. 

In what particulars are nouns variable ? 



* Nouns of this declension are distinguished by the genitive 
singular in us, and dative in ui. 

X Domus is partly of the second declension ; the genitive do- 
mi signifies at home, or of home ; domus, of a house. 

|| Nouns of the fifth declension have only one termination, and 
are all of the feminine gender except dies, which is masc. or fern. 
in the singular, and masc. in the plural, and meridies, masc. 

The poets sometimes make the genitive of this declension, and 
more rarely the dative in e: as, Libra die somnique pares ubi fee erit 
heras. The genitive of this declension is by contraction from uis, 
the ancient form ; as, anus, for anuis, which accounts for its 
being long. 



15 



Nouns variable in gender, 

To what classes may nouns variable in gen- 
der be reduced ? 

In what respect is the gender of Avernus* va- 
riable ? Decline Avernus in both numbers. 

Name the other nouns which are declined in 
the same manner. 

In what respect are jocas, a jest, and locust 
a place, variable ? Decline them. 

In what respect is the gender of carbasus, 
and Pergamus variable ? Decline them. 

How is the gender of ccdum and Elysium 
variable ? Decline them. Decline Argos. 

How is the gender of rastrum and frcenum 
variable ? Decline them. 

How is the gender of delirium and epulum 
variable? Decline them. Decline balneum. 

Nouns variable in declension. 

How are nouns denominated which vary in 
declension ? Give examples. 

DOUBLE NOUNS. 

Decline respublica. 
Decline jusjurandem, 

* These nouns are by some thought to be properly adjectives 
having rnons understood in the singular, and jug a or cacumina in 
the plural. 

t When we speak of passages in a book or topics of discourse, 
loci only is used. 



16 

Decline paterfamilias. 
Decline Jupiter. 
Decline bis. 
Decline vos* 

DEFECTIVE NOUNS. 

In what respect may nouns be defective ? 

Nouns defective in case. 

Name a few nouns which are wholly indeclin- 
able ? 

What is a monoptota ? Give an example. 

What is a diptota? Give an example. 

Decline vesper. Decline verberis, n. gen. De- 
cline its plural. 

What is a triptota ? Decline preci, dat. a 
prayer. 

Decline feminis, gen. the thigh. 

What nouns of this class want the gen. dat. 
and abl. plural ? 

What are those nouns called which are declin- 
ed in four cases ? 

In which cases are these deficient ? 

Decline vicis, gen. Decline pecudis, gen. 

Decline sordis, ditionis, opis. 

What are those nouns called which want on- 
ly one case ? 



17 

In what case are os? the mouth, lux, and fax 
defective ? Decline chaos. 

Nouns defective in number, 

1. What nouns are used in the singular only, 
from the nature of the things which they 
express? Give examples. 

2. Name some of the masculine nouns which 
are rarely used in the plural. 

3. Name some of the feminine nouns which 
are rarely found in the plural. 

4. Name some of the neuters which have no 
plural. 

5. What nouns" want the singular from the 
nature of the things which they express ? 

6. Give examples of masculine nouns which 
are rarely used except in the plural num- 
ber. 

7. Give examples of feminine nouns which 
want the singular number. 

8. Give examples of neuters which want the 
singular number. 

REDUNDANT NOUNS. 

In what respect are nouns said to be redun- 
dant ? 



* The names of feasts, books, games ; also names of many 
cixiesj as Athena, Mycence. 

2* 



18 



Give an example of a noun redundant in ter- 
mination. 

Give an example of a noun redundant in de- 
clension. 

Give an example of a noun redundant both in 
termination and declension. 



according to their signification and derivation. 

What is a collective noun ? Give an example. 
What is a patronymic noun ? Give an exam- 
ple. 
What is a gentile noun ? Give an example. 
What is an abstract noun ? Give an example. 
What is a concrete ? Give an example. 
What is a diminutive noun ? Give an example. 
What is a verbal noun ? Give an example. 

THE ADJECTIVE. 

What is an adjective ? 

In what manner are adjectives varied ? 

For what purpose are they varied ? 

How are adjectives distinguished as to their 
terminations ? ♦ 

How are adjectives of three terminations de- 
clined ? 

In what manner are adjectives of one and two 
terminations declined ? 



19 



Decline bonus, good. 

Decline tener, tender. 

What adjective of three terminations vary 
from the general rule ? 

Decline anus* 

Decline alius. 

Decline felix. Decline prudens. Decline 
mi lis. Decline mitior. Decline acer. 

What is the termination in the ablative singu- 
lar of adjectives of the third declension? 

If the nominative neuter be e, what is the ab- 
lative ? 

What is the ending of the genitive plural of 
adjectives of the third declension? 

V/hat is a verbal adjective ? Give an example. 

What is a participial adjective ? Give an ex- 
ample. 

What is an abverbial adjective ? 

NUMERAL ADJECTIVES. 

How are numeral adjectives divided ? 

Which of the numbers are called cardinal ? 

Decline duo. Decline tres.. 

Which are called ordinal ? 

Which are the distributive numerals ? 

Which are the multiplicative numbers ? 

* Unus is used in the plural only when joined to a noun which 
has no singular. 



20 



COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 

What does the comparison of adjectives ex- 
press ? 

Which of the adjectives may be compared ? 

AVhat are the degrees of comparison ? 

What does the positive degree express ? 

What the comparative? What the superlative? 

How is the comparative degree regularly form- 
ed ? Give an example. 

How the superlative ? Give an example. 

How is the superlative formed from the posi- 
tive in er P 

In what manner is the force of certain adjec- 
tives increased,* without a change in the 
termination ? 

IRREGULAR AND DEFECTIVE COMPARISON. 

What are the comparative and superlative de- 
grees of bonus ? of malus P of magnus ? 

What of facilis ? of gracilis ? of humilis P of 
titer t of inferus P of veins P 

What is the comparative degree of senex ?\ 

What ofjuvenis P 

* By the use of the adverbs magis, maxima, valde, admodum&c. 
In this form are compared adjectives in us, pure ; with many oth- 
ors; including some which are also regularly compared. 

Adjectives compounded with per and prce, have usually the 
force of the superlative, and admit of no other comparison. 

t To supply the superlative of senex, we say maximus natu ; 
to of juvenisy minimus natu. Adjectives in His and bills want the 
superlative. 



21 



What is the superlative of deterior? ofociorP 
of prior P oipropior P of ulterior ? 

What is the superlative of inclytusP of 
meritus P 

What of novus ? of par ? of sacer P 

OF PRONOUNS. 

What is a Pronoun ? 

What is the number of the simple pronouns? 
Name them. 

Which of these are substantives ? 

Decline ego* Decline tu. Decline sui. De- 
cline ille. 

How does ipse differ in its declination from 
ille, and iste ? 

Decline hie. Decline is. Decline quis* De- 
cline qui. 

In what manner are mens, tuns, and suits, de- 
clined ? 

What is the vocative masculine of mens ? 

Decline the Compound pronoun idem. 

Decline quisnam — quispiam — -quisquam — - 
quisque — quisquis. 

Decline aliquis, — ecquis,—nequis, — siquis, — 
numquis. 

What is the accusative singular of quidam r 

What the genitive plural ? 

• Ego wants the vocative, because one is not supposed to 
call upon himself. Mihl'is often by the poets contracted into mi. 



22 

THE VERB. 
What is a verb ? 

How are verbs distinguished as to their sig- 
nification ? Why ? 
What is an Active verb ? Give an example. 
What is a Passive verb ? Give an example. 
What is a Neuter verb ? Give an example. 
When is the active verb called Transitive ? 
When is it Intransitive ? 
What is a Substantive verb ? 
What is a Participle ? 

What do you understand by a verb Common ?* 
How are verbs declined, or varied ? 
How many Voices are there ? 
How many Modes ? How many Tenses ? 
How many Numbers ? How many Persons ? 
What do the voices express ? 
How is the Indicative mode distinguished ? 
How the Subjunctive ? How the Imperative ? 
How the Infinitive ? 
What is expressed by Tenses ? 



* Verbs common are such as, ending in or, are used both as 
active and passive ; as comitor, dignor, hortor, meditor, &c. 

The present tense indicative is sometimes used to express the 
custom of d<»ing a thing; as Scribimus indocti doctique. Hor. 

It is frequently used as a more animated way of expressing 
past time ; as Linquimus Ortygice partus. Virg. Jlccedo ad pedisse- 
quas ; quae sit rogo. Sororem esse aiunt C'nrysidis. Sometimes 
a future tense is familiarly expressed by the present ; as, Quce 
prima pericula vUo, Virg. Quam prendimus arcem. Quam 
max navigo Ephcsum. Plaut. 



23 

What is expressed by the Present tense ? 

Whatby the I mperfect ?* What by the Per- 
fect ? 

What by the Pluperfect ? What by the Fu- 
ture ? 

What are their English signs severally ? 

What is conjugation ? 

How many Conjugations have Latin verbs? 

How are these conjugations distinguished ? 

THE AUXILIARY VERB SUM.f 

Indicative Mode. 

Decline the verb sum through the present 

tense of the indicative, with the English. 

* Although the imperfect tense always expresses an action as 
passing ,and not finished, at some time past, yet the perfect 
in this case is equally admissible: as, Thucydidi maxime credo, 
quod setate proximus erat, et ejusdem civitatis jfwi£. Nep. The- 
mistocles unus restitit, et universos pares esse aiebat. Nep. The- 
mist. 

The perfect tense indicative comprehends what in Greek and 
English are two separate tenses. It is properly the indefinite 
perfect, the aorist, I write ; in which sense it is often inter- 
changeable with the imperfect; the one expressing a past action 
as going on, the other as completed, which difference is immaterial 
to the general signification of the sense. 

Orationem ejusmodi kabuit. Sail. Cessi, et sublato montem 
genitore petivi. Virg. Cojiticuere omnes, intentique ora tens- 
bant. Samia mihi mater fuit ; ea habitabat Rhodi. 

The future tense indicative is sometimes used in the second 
person for the imperative mode ? as, Tu hose silebis. Ciceronem 
puerum curabis et amabis. Cic. When an action is mentioned as 
having continued for some time, and still continuing, the Latin 
verb must be in the present tense ; when in English the imperfect 
and perfect are used : as, Jampridem cupio ^Egyptum visere.. 
Cic. Plus jam sum libera quinquennium. Ut patria careo, bis 
frugibus area trita est. 

t This irregular verb being necessary to the formation of 
many parts of the passive voice, as well as to express the future 



24 



What is the imperfect ? What the perfect ? 
What the pluperfect ? What the future ? 

Decline them tviih the correspondent English. 

Subjunctive Mode. 

Decline the subjunctive present. 
What is the imperfect? What is the perfect? 
What the pluperfect ? What the future ? 
Decline them with the English. 

Imperative Mode. 

What is the second person in the imperative ? 

Decline it in both numbers. 

Why is there no first person in the imperative ? 

Infinitive Mode. 

What is the present and imperfect tense of 

the infinitive mode ? 
What the perfect and pluperfect ? 
What the future infinitive ? 

Participle. 

What is the participle of the future in rus ? 

REGULAR VERBS. 

First Conjugation — Active Voice. 
Conjugate amo, or, in other words, name its 

tense of the active infinitive, it is necessary that it be thorough- 
ly learned before the other verbs are declined. 

The third person of the imperative is permissive, and is ex- 
pressed in English by let. The second person of the present 
tense subjunctive is used as an imperative. So the second per- 
son of the perfect subjunctive. 



25 



principal parts, from which the other parts 
in the active voice are derived. 

Indicative Mode. 

Decline amo in the present tense indicative. 
Decline the imperfect. Decline the perfect. 
The pluperfect. The future — with their pro- 
per English. 

Subjunctive Mode. 
What is the first person singular of the sub- 
junctive* present ? Decline it. 
Decline the subjunctive imperfect. 
Decline the perfect. The pluperfect. 
Decline the future. 

Imperative Mode. 

Decline the imperative of amo. 



* Although the action expressed by the subjunctive mode be 
usually conditional or contingent ; yet in dubitative sentences, and 
after certain particles, as qui, quoniam, cum, &c. the subjunctive 
has often no other meaning than the indicative, and it might be 
convenient, for the sake of distinction, to call it the False sub- 
junctive. 

The subjunctive present expresses a contingent event passing 
either at the time of speaking, or at some future time, as to these 
it is often indefinite, and sometimes includes both. Haud ista 
dicas, si cognoris me vel amorem meum. Ter. Ubi socordia? te 
tradideris, nequicquam Deos implores. The subjunctive imper- 
fect sometimes refers also to the present time, and sometimes to 
the future. Nanquam naturam, mos vinceret. Cic. Starent etiam. 
nunc mcenia Phcebi. Ov. 



26 

Infinitive Mode. 

What is the present tense of the infinitive ?* 

What is the perfect ? What is the future ? 

Name the present participle. 

Name the future participle. 

What are the gerunds? Repeat them with 

their English signification. 
What is the first supine ? 
What the latter supine ? 

Amor. 
Conjugate the passive verb amor. 

Indicative Mode. 

Decline amor in the indicative present tense. 
What is the imperfect ? Decline it. 
What the perfect ?f Decline it. 
What the pluperfect ? Decline it. 
What the future ? Decline it. 

Subjunctive Mode. 
What is the subjunctive present tense ? 
What the imperfect ? What the perfect ? 



* If the action of the infinitive mode bear the same time with 
the action of the preceding verb, on which it depends, whether 
present, past, or future, the present tense infinitive is used. 

Chreme vin > tu homini stulto mihi auscultare. Ter. Post- 
quam ante ostium me audivit stare, approperat. Ter. Turn fre- 
ta debuerant vestris absistere remis. Ov. Fac intelligam adversa 
te aequo ferre posse. Cic. 

t In the perfect tense the participle with sum denotes a thing 
done without reference to the time when ; but with fui, it de- 
notes a thing done with reference to the time ; the same distinc- 
tion applies to the other tenses when auxiliaries are used. 



27 



What the pluperfect ? What the future ? 
Decline them. 

Imperative Mode, 

What is the imperative* mode ? Decline it. 

Infinitive Mode. 

What is the infinitive present tense ? 
What the infinitive perfect tense ? 
What the infinitive future ? 

Participles, 

Name the perfect participle. 
Name the futuref participle. 

Second Conjugation ; Active Voice — Doceo. 
Conjugate the regular verb doceo. 

Indicative Mode. 

Decline doceo in the present tense indicative. 
What is the imperfect ? What is the perfect ? 
What the pluperfect ? What the future ? 
Decline them. 

Subjunctive Mode.% 

What is the subjunctive present ? Decline it. 

* In the second person plural of the imperative mode, ama- 
minor, doceminor, &c. are sometimes, although rarely, used for 
amamini, docemini, 

t The participle in dus has always the passive signification, 
whether it be derived from a verb passive, or from a verb com- 
mon or deponent, 

X False subjunctive. — The tenses of the subjunctive are often 
expressed in English as the same tenses of the indicative, and 
one tense sometimes apparently used for another. The assertion 
that one tense or mode is sjnonymous with another should be 
received with caution, but here it seems unavoidable. Quid tris- 
tis es ? Rogasne quid tristis ego sim ? Ter. And. Dolorne ma- 
lum est ? Quserendum est dolorne malum sit. Quam dulcis est 
libertas ! Quam dulcis sit libertas breviter proloquar. Cic. Tusc, 



28 

What is the imperfect ? What the perfect ? 
What the pluperfect ? What the future ? 
Decline them. 

Imperative Mode. 

What is the imperative ? Decline it. 

Infinitive Mode. 

What is the infinitive present ? 

What the infinitive perfect ? What the future ? 

Participle. 

What is the present participle ? 
What the future participle ? 

Gerunds. Supines. 

Name the gerunds. The supines. 

Second Conjugation — Passive Voice. 
How is doceor conjugated ? 

Indicative Mode. 
Decline doceor in the present tense. 
What is the imperfect ? What the perfect ? 
What the pluperfect ? What the future ? 
Decline them. 

Subjunctive Mode* 
What is the subjunctive present ? 



* The ris of the second person is more usual than re in pas- 
sive verbs : so the erunt of the perfect indicative active than ere, 
especially in prosaic authors. In the compound tenses the learner 
should be taught to vary the participle, like the adjective noun, 
according to the gender and number of the substantive to which 
it is applied: thus amatus est, he was loved, when applied to a 
man ; amata est, she was loved, when applied to a woman ; omn- 
ium est, it was loved, when applied to a thing. 



29 

What is the imperfect ? What the perfect? 
What the pluperfect ? What the future ? 
Decline them. 

Imperative Mode, 

What is the passive imperative from doceor? 

Infinitive Mode, 

What is the infinitive present tense? 
What the perfect ? What the future ? 
Name the perfect participle passive. 
The future participle. 

Third Conjugation — Active Voice — Lego. 
How is lego conjugated ? 

Indicative Mode, 

Decline lego in the present tense. 
The imperfect.* The perfect. 
The pluperfect. The future. 
Subjunctive Mode. 
Decline the subjunctive present tense. 
The imperfect. The perfect. 
The pluperfect. The future. 

Imperative Mode. 

Decline lego in the imperative. 

Infinitive Mode. 

What is the present tense infinitive ? 
The perfect ? The future ? 

* In the third conjugation e is long before bam y bas, bat, in the 
singular ; also before mus and tis, and mur and mini, in the plural. 

3* 



30 

Participles. 

What is the present participle ? The future f 

Gerunds. Supines. 

Name the gerunds. The supines. 

Third Conjugation — Passive Voice — Legor. 

Indicative Mode. 

How is legor conjugated ? 
Decline legor in the present tense* 
The imperfect. The perfect. 
The pluperfect. The future. 

Subjunctive Mode. 
Decline the present tense subjunctive- 
Decline the imperfect. The perfect. 
The pluperfect. The future. 

Imperative. 

Decline the imperative of legor. 

Infinitive. 

What is the present tense infinitive ? 
What the perfect ? What the future ? 

Participles. 
What is the perfect participle ? 
What the future participle ?* 

Fourth Conjugation — Active Voice — Audio, 
How is audio conjugated ? 

* Ask the same questions throughout respecting capio a* re- 
specting lego. 



<a 



i 



Indicative Mode, 

Decline audio in the present tense. 
The imperfect.* The perfect. 
The pluperfect. The future. 

Subjunctive Mode. 

Decline the subjunctive present tense. 
The imperfect. The perfect. 
The pluperfect. The future. 

Imperative Mode. 
Decline audio in the imperative. 

Infinitive Mode, 
What is the present tense infinitive ? 
The perfect. The future ? 

Participles. 

What is the present participle ? The future ? 

Gerunds and Supines. 

Name the gerunds. The supines. 

Fourth Conjugation — Passive Voice — Audior. 
How is audior conjugated ? 

Indicative Mode. 

Decline audior in the present tense. 
The imperfect. The perfect. 
The pluperfect. The future. 



* The imperfect tense of the fourth conjugation, among the 
poets, often ends in ibam y by contraction from iebam, as in Virgil : 
Lenibant cura3 ; et corda oblita laborum. 



32 



Subjunctive Mode. 
Decline the present tense subjunctive. 
Decline the imperfect. The perfect. 
The pluperfect. The future. 

Imperative. 

Decline the imperative of audior. 

Infinitive. 

What is the present tense infinitive ? 
What the perfect ? What the future ? 

Participles. 

What is the perfect participle ? 
What is the future participle ? 

THE FORMATION OF VERBS. 

What are the four principal parts of a verb ? 

When is a verb said to be conjugated ? 

What is the theme or root of a verb ? 

What are the radical letters ? 

Which of the tenses are formed from the pres- 
ent tense ? 

Give examples from the verb amo. 

What tenses are derived from the perfect 
tense ? 

What are formed from the first supine ? 

IRREGULAR VERBS. 

What are irregular verbs ? 



33 



How many are usually numbered in the list 
of irregulars ? Name them. 

Decline Prosum in the present tense indic- 
ative. 

In the imperfect tense. In the perfect. In 
the pluperfect. In the future. 

Decline the present Subjunctive. 

What is the imperfect subjunctive ? The 
perfect. 

The pluperfect. The future. 

What is the imperative ? Decline it. 

What is the present tense infinitive ? 

What is the participle. 

Possum. 
Give the conjugation of possum. 
Decline possum in the present tense indicative. 
What is the imperfect ? What the perfect ? 
The pluperfect ? The future? Decline them. 

Subjunctive. 

Name the subjunctive present. 

The imperfect. The perfect. 

The pluperfect. The future. Decline them. 

Has possum the imperative mode ? 

Infinitive. 

What is the present infinitive ? The perfect ? 



34 

Eo.* 
Conjugate eo. 

Decline eo in the present tense indicative. 
In the imperfect tense. The perfect. 
The pluperfect. The future. 

Subjunctive. 

Decline the present tense subjunctive. 
The imperfect. The perfect. 
The pluperfect. The future. 

Imperative. 

Decline the imperative. 

Decline the present participle from eo. The 
future. 

Gerunds. Supines. 

What are the gerunds ? What the supines ? 

Volo. 
Conjugate Volo. 

Decline volo in the present indicative. 
In the imperfect. The perfect. 
The pluperfect. The future. 
Has volo the imperative mode ? 
Decline it in the subjunctive present. 
In the imperfect. The perfect. 



* The compounds of eo ; viz. adeo, abeo, exco, obeo, redeo, sub- 
eo, pereo, coeo, ineo, prceeo, anteeo,prodeo, are declined as eo, ex- 
cept that they are contracted in the perfect and in the tenses 
formed from the perfect. 

Queo and nequeo are declined like eo, except that they have no 
imperative or gerunds. 



35 

The pluperfect. The future. 
What is the infinitive present tense of volo ? 
What the imperfect ? 
What the present participle ? 
Is volo used in any other tense or form than 
those which you have repeated ? 

Nolo. 
Conjugate nolo. 

Decline nolo through the several tenses of the 

indicative. 

Decline it through the subjunctive mode. 

In the imperative. In the infinitive. 

What is the present participle ? 

In what parts is nolo defective ? 

Malo. 

Conjugate malo. 

Decline malo through the indicative mode. 
Through the subjunctive. The infinitive. 
In what parts is malo defective ? 

Fero. 
Conjugate fero. 

Decline fero in the present tense indicative. 
In the imperfect tense. 
What is the perfect tense. Decline it. 
What is the pluperfect ? What the future ? 
What is the present tense subjunctive ? 
What is the imperfect ? The perfect ? 



36 

What is the pluperfect ? The future ? 
What is the imperative ? Decline it. 
What is the infinitive present tense ? 
What is the infinitive perfect tense ? 
What is the infinitive future tense ? 
What is the present participle ? 
What is the future participle ? 
Name the gerunds. The supines. 

Passive Voice — Feror. 
Conjugate feror. 

Decline feror in the indicative present. 
Decline it in the imperfect tense. 
What is the first person singular of the per- 
fect tense ? Decline it. 
What is the pluperfect ? What the future ? 
What is the present tense subjunctive ? 
What the imperfect ? The perfect ? 
What the pluperfect ? The future ? 
What is the imperative mode ? 
What is the infinitive present ? 
The infinitive perfect ? The infinitive future ? 
What is the present participle ? The future ? 



37 

Fio.* 
Conjugate fio. 

Decline fio through the present indicative. 
What is the imperfect ? Decline it. 
What is the perfect ? Decline it. 
What is the pluperfect ? The future ? 
What is the subjunctive present? 
The subjunctive imperfect? The perfect? 
What is the pluperfect ? The future ? 
Decline fio in the imperative. 
What is the infinitive present ? 
What the infinitive perfect ? What the fu- 
ture ? 
What is the perfect participle ? The future ? 
Which of the supines has^o ? 

DEFECTIVE VERBS. 

When are verbs said to be Defective ? 

Odi. Ccepi. Memini. 
In what tenses are these words used ? 
Decline odi.\ Decline ccepi. Decline memini. 

* Fio is used as the passive of facio. The compounds of ir- 
regular verbs are conjugated and declined like their simple verbs. 

To irregular verbs may be added such as are called neuter 
passive 7 which like^*?, form their preterite tenses according to 
the passive voice, the other tenses like the active ; as, soleo, sole- 
re j solitus sum or fui. 

t To these novi seems very properly to be added, for although 
it is sometimes to be found in some of the other tenses, its use 
is generally confined to the preterite tenses. The signification of 
novi) noverim, and novisse, like odi, &c. is sometimes unquestion- 
ably present 3 in other instances these tenses seem to be com- 
pound tenses, expressing both the past and the present tense. 

Faxim andfazo are sometimes used for fecerim and fecero. 



38 



Aio. 
Decline aio in the present tense indicative. 
In the imperfect tense. In the perfect. 
In the subjunctive present. In the imperative. 
What is its participle ? 

Inquam. 
Decline inquam in the present indicative. 
What persons has it in the imperfect ? 
What in the perfect ? What in the future ? 
What is its imperative ? What participle has 

it? 
Declineybrem, ausim, ave, salve^ cedo, quceso* 

IMPERSONAL VERBS. * 

What verbs are called Impersonal ? 

What is the usual sign in English ? 

Decline delectat through all its modes and 
tenses. 

Decline decet, contingit, evenit. 

Are any verbs used impersonally in the pas- 
sive voice ? What verbs more particularly ? 



* Under impersonal verbs may be comprehended those which 
express the operations or appearances of nature ; as, lucescit, vcs- 
perascit, pluit, tonat,fulgurat,fulminat>jlat, ningit,ro?'at,hyemat, 
serenat, lapidat, gclat, grandinat. These are true impersonals, 
containing their nominative case within themselves. To the class 
of true impersonals belong miscrct, piget, pudet, panitet, tadet ; 
also passive impersonals derived from neuter verbs. 

All other verbs called impersonal agree with an infinitive 
mode, or the sentence, used as a nominative case ; or with the 
nominative hoc or id understood. 



39 



Decline piignatur in the modes and tenses of 

the passive voice ? 
Decline favetur. Decline curritur. 
Decline venitur. 
In what parts are impersonal verbs usually 

deficient ? 

PARTICIPLES, GERUNDS, SUPINES. 

What is a Participle ? 

How many participles have Latin verbs ? 

Give an example of each. 
What number of participles have neuter verbs ? 
How many have deponent and common verbs ? 
Is the Latin perfect* participle of the active 

or the passive signification? 
Which of the participles are changed into 

adjectives ? Give examples. 
What is a Gerund ? How declined ? 
Is the signification of gerunds more usually 

active or passive ? 
What is a Supine ? 
How many supines have verbs ?f 
What are their terminations ? 
Is their signification active, or is it passive ? 



* The Latins have no present participle in the passive voice, 
nor have they a perfect participle in the active voice. 

t Neuter verbs have only one supine. The supine in um some- 
times signifies passively ; so the supine in u sometimes, though 
rarely, signifies actively. 



40 



ADVERBS. 
What is an Adverb ? What is its use ? 
How are adverbs usually divided ? 
How are adverbs of circumstance subdivided ? 
Are adverbs sometimes compared ? 
Give examples. 

PREPOSITIONS, 

What is a Preposition ? 

What is the number of prepositions govern- 
ing the accusative case ? 

Name them. 

What is the number of those which govern 
the ablative case ? 

Name them. 

Which are those prepositions which govern 
sometimes the accusative and sometimes 
the ablative case ? 

Why are prepositions so called ? 

What are the inseparable prepositions ? 

Why are they so called ? 

INTERJECTIONS. 
What are Interjections ? 
Give a few examples. 

CONJUNCTIONS. 
What is a Conjunction ? Give examples. 



41 



SYNTAX. 

What is a sentence ? 

What is that part of grammar called Syntax ? 

What is Concord ? 

What is understood by Government ? 

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF SYNTAX. 

What parts are essential to every sentence ? 

What does every adjective require? 

Which of the cases are governed by other 
words ? 

By what part of speech is the genitive case 
governed ? 

By what part of speech is the dative case gov- 
erned ? 

By what the accusative ? 

How is the vocative case governed ? 

How the ablative case ? 

How is the infinitive mode governed ? 

What is a simple sentence ? 

What is intended by the term subject f 

What by the term attribute P 

CONCORD. 

What words in sentences are said to agree to- 
gether ? 

4* 



42 

When, and in what respect, do substantives; 
agree together ? Rule L 

Give an example. 

In what particulars do adjectives agree with 
substantives P R. 2. 

Is the substantive always expressed ? 

When the substantive is understood, or sup- 
plied by the infinitive, what is the gender 
of the adjective ? Give an example. 

In what particulars does the verb agree with 
its nominative ? R. 3. 

Give an example. 

Is the nominative case to the verb always ex- 
pressed ? 

What shall be the number of a verb to agree 
with a collective noun, or noun of multi- 
tude ? 

What case of the noun or pronoun precedes 
the infinitive ? R. 4. Give an example. 

What is the English sign of the case before 
the infinitive ? 

When may a verb have the same case after as 
before it ? R. 5. Give an example. 

What verbs most frequently have the same 
case after as before them ? 

If a verb be placed between two nominatives 
of different numbers, with which must it 
agree ? Give an example. 



43 



GOVERNMENT. 

When two substantives meet having a differ- 
ent signification what shall he the case of 
the latter? R. 6. Give an example. 

What is the government of substantive pro- 
nouns of different signification ? 

When the latter substantive has an adjective 
of praise or dispraise, in what case should 
they be put ? R. 7. Give an example. 

What case does a neuter adjective govern 
when placed without a substantive ? R. 8. 
Give an example. 

What case do opus^ and usus, signifying need, 
govern ? R. 9. Give an example. 

ADJECTIVES. 

What is the government of verbal adjectives, 
and those signifying affection of mind ? 
R. 10. Give an example. 

What case do partitive* adjectives govern ? 
R. 11. Give an example. 



* Partitives signify a part of any number of persons or things ; 
as, alius, nullus, quis, qui, &c. They are sometimes used with 
the prepositions de, e, ex or in. Verbals in bilis and dus, are of- 
ten used with the preposition a. 

The dative case is not properly governed by adjectives, or other 
words, but put after them, to express the object to which they 
refer. Substantives have also sometimes a dative after them. 

Dignus, indignus, and contentus have sometimes the genitive 
after them ; as, dignus avorum. Virg. 



44 



What other adjectives govern the genitive plu- 
ral ? R. 11. Give an example. 

What adjectives require the dative case? 
R. 12. Give examples. 

What case is put after verbals in bilis and dus f 

How are adjectives of usefulness ', fitness ', and 
the contrary, used ? 

What are the adjectives which govern the ab- 
lative ? R. 13. Give examples. 

What adjectives govern the genitive and ab- 
lative ? R. 14. Give examples. 

GOVERNMENT OF VERBS. 
The Genitive case. 

What case does sum* require when it signifies 
possession, property, or duty? R. 15. 
Give examples. 

What words are exceptions to this rule ? 

What case is governed by satago, misereor, 
and miser esco ? Give examples. R. 16. 

The Dative case. 
What is the general rule of verbs which re- 
quire the dative case ? R. 17. Give exam- 
pies. 



* In this case some substantive is understood ; as, officium, 
munus, by which the latter noun is really governed. Some other 
words, especially such as express an affection of the mind, govern 
the genitive ; as, discrucior animi. Ter. 



45 



What case is governed by sum and its com- 
pounds ? Give examples. 

Which of the compounds of sum is excepted ? 

What case is governed by est, taken for ha- 
beo? 

What case is governed by verbs compounded 
with satis, bene and male f 

What case is governed by verbs compounded 
with the nine prepositions, ad* ante, &c. 

Give the rule of verbs signifying to profit or 

hurt, &c. 

The Accusative case. 

What case is governed by active verbs ? R. 18* 

Give an example. 
What neuter verbs govern the accusative ? 
What case is governed by recordor, memini f 

reminiseor and obliviscor ? 

The Ablative case. 
What case is usually governed by verbs of 
plenty and scarceness? R. 20. Give ex- 
amples. 

* Verbs compounded with these prepositions, which govern 
the dative only, are neuter and intransitive verbs. Transitive 
verbs compounded with these prepositions govern the accusative 
and dative ; and sometimes the accusative and ablative. 

Juvo, IcbcIo and offendo govern the accusative. 

Jubeo usually has the accusative and infinitive. In the best 
authors, viz. Cic. Cass. Liv. Tac. it is sometimes found with the 
dative. 

Verbs of motion or tendency to a thing are used with the prep- 
osition ad and the accusative. 

Egeo and indigeo frequently govern the genitive ; as, Eget ceris> 
Qv. Non tarn artis indiget quam laboris. Cic. 



46 

What case is governed by utor, abutor, fruor, 
fungor, potior, and vescor? R. 21. Give 
examples. 

Which of these words sometimes has the gen- 
itive ? Give an example. 

VERBS GOVERNING TWO CASES. 

What cases are governed by sum* when taken 
for affero ? R. 22. Give an example. 

What cases are governed by verbs of accus- 
ing r condemning, acquitting, and admonish- 
ing ? R. 23. Give examples. 

What is the government of verbs of valuing? 
R. 24. Give an example. 

What cases are governed by verbs of compar- 
ing, giving, declaring, and taking away f 
R. 25. Give examples. 

What is the government of verbs of asking 
and teaching ? R. 26. Give examples. 

What cases are governed by verbs of loading, 
binding, clothing, depriving, &c. ? R. 27. 
Give an example. 

* Two datives are also used after habeo, do, verto, relinquo, 
tribuo,fore } duco, and some others ; among which are words of 
naming. 

Verbs of accusing, &c. instead of the genitive frequently have 
the ablative with the preposition. 

Verbs of accusing have sometimes the genitive of the person, 
and the accusative of the thing: as accuso inertiam adolescen- 
tium. 

JEstimo sometimes governs the ablative with the accusative. 
Cdo governs two accusatives \ as celavit me hanc rem. 



47 



PASSIVE VERBS.* 

When a verb in the active voice governs two 
cases, which of the cases does it retain in 
the passive ? R. 28. Give examples. 

IMPERSONAL VERBS. 

What case do impersonals generally govern ?■ 

R. 29. Give an example. 
What case do refert and interest govern? 
What cases are governed by miseret> pcenitet, 

pudetj tcedet and piget ? 
What by deceit delectat, juvat, and oportet ? 

Infinitive Mode, 

How is the infinitive mode governed ? 

R. 30. Give an example. 
By what other parts of speech is the infinitive 

sometimes governed ? Give examples. 

Participles, Gerunds, and Supines. 

What cases do participles, gerunds and su- 
pines govern ? R. 3L Give examples. 

How are gerunds construed ? R. 32. 

What case does the gerund in dum with est 
govern ? 

* Passive verbs are commonly used with the ablative, and th<* 
preposition a. They also sometimes govern the dative ; as neque 
cernitur ulli for ah ullo. Virg. 

An infinitive, or part of a sentence may supply the place of the 
genitive. 

Miseret, poenitet, &c. are sometimes used personally : as norm& 
Uatc tepudent. Ter. 



48 



How is the gerund in di governed ? 

How the gerund in do of the dative ? 

How the gerund in dum of the accusative ? 

How the gerund in do of the ablative ? 

In what manner do gerunds which govern the 

accusative, sometimes change their form ? 

R. 36. 
On what word does the supine in urn depend ? 

R. 37. Give an example. 
On what part of speech does the supine in u 

depend ?* R. 38. Give an example. 

ADVERBS. 

To what parts of speech are adverbs joined ?f 

R. 39. Give examples. 
What case is governed by certain adverbs of 

time j place, and quantity? R. 40. Give 

an example. 
What case is governed by certain derivative 

adverbs? R. 41. Give an example. 

PREPOSITIONS. 

What is the number of prepositions which 
govern the accusative case ? Name them. 

* The supines being verbal nouns used only in the ablative 
singular, are not governed, strictly speaking, by the word after 
which they are placed, but by prepositions understood : the su- 
pine in um by ad ; the supine in u by in. 

t Adverbs are sometimes joined to substantives: as Homerus 
plane orator. 

The adverb is commonly placed immediately before or after 
the word which it qualifies. 



49 

What is the number of prepositions which 

govern the ablative case. Name them. 
When do in, sub^ super, and subter govern 

the accusative case ?* 
What cases do they govern when motion or 

rest in a place is signified ? R. 44. 
What case does a preposition govern when 

compounded with another word ? R. 45. 

INTERJECTION. 

With what cases are o, heu, and pro constru- 
ed ? R. 48. 
What case is governed by hei and vce, 

R. 47. 

CIRCUMSTANCES. 

What are those circumstances, which in Latin 
are expressed in different cases ? 

Price. 
In what case shall a noun be which signifies 

the price of a thing ? R. 48. Give an 

example. 
Are there exceptions to this rule ? Name them. 



* In signifying into governs the accusative, when it signifies in 
or among, it governs the ablative. 

A and e are used only before consonants ; a b and ex before 
vowels, and sometimes before consonants. 



50 

Marnier and cause* 
In what case shall the cause, manner, and in- 
strument be put? R. 49. Give examples. 

Place.f 

What shall be the case of the noun signifying 
the place where ? R. 50. Give an example. 

What shall be the case if the noun be of the 
third declension, ox plural number? 

In what case should be the name of a town 
signifying the place whither? R. 51. Give 
an example. 

In what case shall be the name of a town sig- 
nifying the place whence f R. 52. Give 
an example. 

How are domus and rus used ? R. 53. 

What other words are used in the same man- 
ner? 

Do the names of countries, provinces, &c. fol- 
low the same rule as towns ? R. 54. 

Measure or distance. 
In what shall the noun be put which signifies 
measure or distance ? R. 55. Give exam- 
ples. 

* The ablative of cause is really governed by a preposition un- 
derstood. 

t When a thing is said to be in company with another, it is 
called the ablative of concomitancy, and has the preposition cum 
usually added. 

When a thing is said to be done, not in a place, but near a 
place^ we use the preposition ad, or apud. 



51 



In what case must be the noun expressing the 
excess or difference of measure and dis- 
tance ? 

Time. 
In what case shall be the noun signifying the 

time when P R. 56. Give an example. 
In what case the noun signifying the time how 

long ? Give an example. 

COMPOUND SENTENCES. 

What is a compound Sentence ? 
How is it made up ? 
What are the parts called ? 

RELATIVES. 

In what particulars does the relative agree 
with its antecedent? R. 57. 

When is the relative the nominative case to 
the verb ? 

If a nominative case comes between the rela- 
tive and the verb, in what case shall the 
relative be put ? 

When the relative is placed between two sub- 
stantives of different genders, with which 
of them shall it agree ? 

When the relative follows two words of dif- 
ferent persons, with which of them shall it 
agree, 



52 



CONJUNCTIONS. 

How are the conjunctions* et, ac, atque, nec T 
neque, aut, vel, &c. used ? R. 58. 

If two or more substantives singular be cou- 
pled by a conjunction, what must be the 
number of the adjective, verb, or relative- 
to agree with them ? * R. 59. 

To what mode are ut, quo, licet, ne, ulinam? 
and dummodo usually joined ? R. 60. 

COMPARATIVES. 

What case is governed by the comparative! 
degree? R. 61. Give an example. 

When the conjunction quam is expressed, how 
is the noun to be construed ? Give an ex- 
ample, 

Ablative Absolute. 
When are the participle and adjective said to 
be placed absolutely P R. 62. Give an 
example. 

* To this rule belong especially the copulative and disjunctive 
conjunctions: also, quam, nisi, prtBterquam, an] so adverbs of 
likeness: as, ceu. tanquaw, nisi. 

Interrogate es placed indefinitely, have after them the subjunc- 
tive mode, whether they be conjunctions, adverbs, adjectives or 
pronouns. So the relative qvi in a continued discourse ; as nihil 
est quod deus efficere non possit. 

When any thing doubtful or contingent is signified, conjunc- 
tions and indefinites are usually construed with the subjunctive. 

f The ablative is really governed by prai understood ; it is 
sometimes expressed ; &s.f<rtior prai ceteris. 

The perfect participles of deponent verbs are not used in the 
ablative absolute. The ablative absolute is governed by soi&Q 
preposition understood. 



53 

FIGURES OF RHETORICK. 
What is intended by figurative language ? 
What are the two kinds of figures ? 

FIGURES OF WORDS. 

What is a trope ? 

What are the principal tropes ? 

What is a metaphor ? What is an allegory ? 

What is a metonymy ? What a synecdoche ? 

What is irony ? Give examples. 

FIGURES OF THOUGHT. 

Which are the principal figures of thought ? 
What is hyperbole ? Give an example. 
What is prosopopeia ? Give an example* 
What is apostrophe ? What is a simile ? 
What is antithesis ? What is interrogation? 
What is exclamation ? What is a climax ? 



54 



QUANTITY OF SYLLABLES, 

What is Prosody? What is accent? 

What is intended by the quantity of a sylla- 
ble ? 

How are syllables distinguished as to their 
quantity ? 

What is a long syllable ? 

What is a short syllable ? 

When is a vowel said to be long or shorty 
by nature ? 

What is intended by the penultima, or by con- 
traction, the penult f What by the antepe- 
nult P 

When is a syllable said to be long or short, 
by authority ? 

GENERAL RULES. 

What is the quantity of a vowel* before anoth- 
er vowel ? Give an example. 

When is a vowel long by position?! Give 
examples. 



* Ex. 1. J is long mjiojjiebam, &c. unless followed by r; a» ? 
fieri. 

2. E with i before and after it, fifth declension, is long. 

3. The penult of genitives in ius is long in prose. dli~ 
us is always long, alterius short. 

4. In Greek words a vowel before another vowel is 
sometimes long and sometimes short: that no cer- 
tain rule as to its quantity can be given. 

i The compounds ofjugum afford an exception to this rule ; 
as bijvgus, quadrijugus. 



55 

What is the quantity of a short* vowel before 
a mute and a liquid ? Give an example. 

What is the quantity of a contracted syllable ? 
Give an example. 

What is the quantity of a diphthong ?f 

SPECIAL RULES. 

First and middle syllables.— Preterites and supines. 

When the preterite has two syllables what is 
the quantity of the firstj syllable ? Give ex- 
amples. 

In supines of two [| syllables what is the quan- 
tity of the former ? Give examples. 

What is the rule of preterites which double 
the first syllable ? Give examples. 

INCREASE OF NOUNS. 

Third Declension. 

When is a noun said to increase ? 

Which vowels in the increase of the third de- 
clension are long ? Which are short ? Give 
examples. 



* In prose the pronunciation of these is short. 

t Prce in composition is short : as, prceire, prceustus. 

\ Except bibi, scidi from scindo, Jidi from Jindo ; tuli 9 dedi, and 
sieti, which are short. 

|| Except satum from sero, citum from cieo, litum from lino, 
situm from sino ; stotum from sisto, itum, datum, rectum, quitum. 

The exceptions to the general rules of the increase of the third 
declension are various and numerous. 



56 

Increase of the Plural Number, 
Which vowels in the increase of the plural 
number are long? Which are short? 
Give examples. 

INCREASE OF VERBS, 

When is a verb said to increase ? 

Which of the vowels in the increase of verbs 
are long ? Which are short ? Give exam- 
ples. 

FINAL SYLLABLES. 

A. 
In what words is a final short ?* 
When is it long ?f Give examples. 

E. 

What is the quantity of e final ?J Give ex- 
amples. 

1. 
What is the quantity of i final ?|| 



* Ex. The ablative of the first declension is long, so the voca- 
tive of Greek names in as. 

t Ex. Jta, quia, eja, postea, and a few others are short. 

% Ex. Monosyllables in e are long, except que, ve, ne. Nouns 
of the first and fifth declension are long, so re and die, with their 
compounds; so adverbs from adjectives of the first and second 
declension, and all adverbs of the superlative degree. 

|| Ex. Greek vocatives are short ; as Mexi. The dative of 
Greek nouns of the third declension which increase, is common ; 
as, Palladi, mihi, tibi, sihi are common ; so ibi, nisi, ubi, quasi, 
and cui when a dissyllable. 



57 

O. U. Y. 

Of o final ?* Of u final ? Of y final ? 

B. D. L. R. T. 

What is the quantity of b, rf, l,\ r, and t in 
the end of a word ? 

C. N. 
What is the quantity of c% and n in the end 
of a word ? 

As, Es, Os. 
What is the quantity of as.^ es, and os final* 
Give examples. 

Is, Us and Ys. 
What is the quantity of is, us and ys final ?|f 

* Monosyllables in o are long, so the dative and ablative of the 
second declension; also Greek nouns, and adverbs derived from 
nouns. Ego, scio, ccdo, homo, cito, iilico, immo, duo, amho, 
modo, quomodo, &c. are short. 

The gerund in do is long in Virgil. In other poets it is short. 

t Ex. Sal, sol, nil, par, and its compounds are long ; so far, 
lar, cur, fur ; so nouns in er which have eris in the genitive ; 
as, crater, ver, Iber, likewise aer, aether; to which add Hebrew 
nouns : as, Job, Daniel, David. 

$ Ex. Ncc and donee are shore ; so for san,forsitan, tamen, an; 
so nouns in eu which make imis ; as carmen, crimen ; also Greek 
nouns. 

$ Ex. Anas, es from sum, penes, os, ossis, compos and impos, 
are short; also some Greek nouns: as, Areas, heroas, Phryges, 
Tcnedos, and some others. 

|| Nouns in is are long which have the genitive in itis, inis or 
entis ; so the adverbs gratis, and / 'oris ; so glis and vis, also is 
in the second person singular, when the plural is itis; ris in the 
future subjunctive is common. 

Monosyllables in us are long ; as, grus, sus, &c. so nouns 
whose genitive is uris, udis-, untis or odis. 

To the rules of derivatives and compounds there are many 
exceptions. 



58 

What is the quantity of plural cases in is and 
us? 

What is the quantity of the last syllable in 
every verse ? 

How is the quantity of derivative words as- 
certained ? 

How that of compounds ? 



VERSE. 

What is a verse ? 
Why is it so called ? 

What are the parts, into which a verse is di- 
vided, called ? 
Why is a verse divided into parts ? 

FEET. 

Of how many syllables are poetic feet ? 
What is a single syllable called ? what is its 

length ? 
What are the feet of two syllables, and how 

composed ? 
What are the feet of three syllables, and how 

composed ? 
Are feet of four syllables much used ? 
What is scanning ? 



59 



DIFFERENT KINDS OF FEET. 

How many feet constitute an Hexamiter 
verse ? 

What must the fifth and sixth be ? The re- 
mainder ? 

How many syllables may an Hexamiter verse 
have ? How few ? 

What is the line called when a spondee is in 
the fifth Place ? 

When is this verse generally used ? 

How should Hexamiters be composed to sound 
best ? 

What is esteemed a great beauty ? Give ex- 
amples. 

What is Caesura ? 

What are the different Ccesuras called ? Give 
examples. 

Which is the most common and beautiful 
Caesura? 

Does the caesura ever alter the length of a 
syllable ? 

On what does the melody chiefly depend ? 

How many feet compose a Pentameter ? 
what are they ? 

How does the Pentameter usually, end ? 

How many feet compose an Asclepiadean ? 
what are they ? 



60 

Ask the same questions respecting the Gly- 
conian verse, the sapphic, the Pherecratian, 
the Phalencian, the Greater Alcaic, the Archi- 
lochian, the Lesser Alcaic. 

From what do these verses derive their names? 
How many kinds of Iambic verse are there ? 
Name them, and describe them. 

FIGURES OF SCANNING. 

What prefigures of Scanning P 
What are the principal ? 
What is Synalxpha ? Give an example. 
What is EcthlipsisP Give an example. 
What is Synwresis ? Give an example. 
What is Diceresis ? Give an example. 
What is Systole ? Give an example. 
What is Diastole ? Give an example. 

FIGURES OF DICTION. 

What is Prosthesis ? Give an example. 
What is Epenthesis ? Give an example. 
What is Par agog e ? Give an example. 
What is Aphceresis ? Give an example. 
What is Syncope ? Give an example. 
What is Apocope ? Give an example. 
What is Metathesis ? Give an example. 
What is Antithesis ? Give an example. 



APPENDIX. 

CATALOGUE OF IRREGULAR TERBS. 
FIRST CONJUGx^TION. 

ACTIVE AND NEUTER VERBS. 

AppHco, .ppHo 5 ,e, ^«V j"** « ,*. 

Creo, creare, creavi, creatum, to create. 

Crepo,* crepare, crepui, crepitum, to make a noise. 

Ciibo,t cubare, cubui, cubitum, to lie. 

Dimico, dimicare, dimicavi, dimicui, dimicatum, to fight. 

Do, J dare, dedi, datum, to give. 

Domo, domare, domui, domitum, to subdue. 

Emico, emicare, emicui, emicatum. 

Frico,§ fricare, fricui, frictum, to rub. 

Juvo, juvare, juvi, jutum, to help. 

Labo, labare, pret. and sup. car. to fall. 

Lavo, t - ' lavi.Iotum, lautum, and lavatum, to wash. 
' Javare, ' ? ? ' 

Mico, micare, micui, sup. car. to shine. 

Neco,H necare, necui, or necavi, necatum, to kill. 

Nexo, nexare, pret. and sup. car. to bind. 

* So its compounds ; except (iiscrepo, which makes discrepant. 

t So arxubo, excubo, occubo. and recubo : the other compounds 
insert an w, and are of the third conjugation. 

% In the same manner are conjugated venundo, circundo, pes- 
sundo, and satisdo. The other compounds of do are of the third 
conjugal ion. 

$ Some of the compounds of frico make atum. 

y The compounds ofneco, oftener make nectum. 

6 



62 

Plico,* plicare, pret. and sup. car. to fold. 

Poto, potare, potavi, potum, or potatum, to drink. 

Praesto,prsestare, praestiti, praestitum,or praestatum, t a excel 

Seco, secare, secui, sectum, to cut. 

Sono, sonare, sonui, sonitum, to sound. 

Sto,f stare, steti, statum, to stand. 

Tono, tonare, tonui, tonitum, to thunder. 

Veto, vetare, vetui, vetitum, to forbid. 

SECOND CONJUGATION. 

ACTIVE AND NEUTER VERBS. 

Aboleo, abolere, abolevi, abolitum, to abolish. 

Absorbeo, absorbere, absorpsi, absorptum, to absorb. 

Algeo, algere, alsi, sup. car. to be cold, 

Ardeo, ardere, arsi, arsum, to burn. 

Augeo, augere, auxi, auctum, to increase. 

Censeo, censere, censui, censum, to judge. 

Cieo, ciere, civi, citum, to stir up. [to wink. 

Conniveo, connivere, connivi and connixi, sup. car. 

Debeo, debere, debui, debitum, to owe. 

Deleo, delere, delevi, deletum, to destroy. 

Faveo, favere, favi, fautum, to favour. 

Ferveo, fervere, ferbui, sup, car. to be hot* 

Fleo, flere, flevi, fletum, to weep. 

Foveo, fovere, fovi, foturn, to cherish. 

Frigeo, frigere, frixi, sup. car. to be cold. 

Fulgeo, fulgere, fulsi, sup. caj£, to shine. 

Haereo, hserere, haesi, haesum, to stick. 

Impleo, implere, implevi, impletum, to Jill 

* Plico, compounded with a noun, or with re and sub, has am 
atum, as supplico, duplico, mvltiplico. 

t The compounds of sto have stiti, stitum } and ftatum. 



63 



Indulgeo, indulgere, indulsi, indultum, to indulge. 

Insoleo, insolere, insolevi, insoletum, to grow into use, 

Jiibeo, jubere, jussi, jussum, to order. 

Luceo, lucere, luxi, sup. car. to shine, 

Lugeo, lugere, luxi, sup, car. to mourn. 

Maneo, manere, mansi, mansum, to stay, 

Misceo, miscere, miscui, mistum and mixtum, to mix, 

Mordeo, mordere, momordi, morsum, to bite. 

Moveo, movere, ftiovi, motum, to move. 

Mulceo, mulcere, mulsi, mulsum, to soothe, 

Mulgeo, mulgere, mulsi, mulsum and mulclum, to milk. 

Neo, nere, nevi, netum, to spin. 

Paveo, pavere, pavi, sup. car. to fear. 

Pendeo, pendere, pependi, pensum, to hang. 

Prandeo, prandere, prandi, pransum, to dine, 

Rideo, ridere, risi, risum, to laugh, 

Sedeo, sedere, sedi, sessum, to sit. 

Sorbeo, sorbere, sorpsi, sorptum, to sup. 

Spondeo 3 J spondere, spopondi, sponsum, to promise. 

Strideo, stridere, stridi, sup. car. to make a noise. 

Suadeo, suadere, suasi, suasum, to persuade. 

Teneo, tenere, tenui, tentum, to hold. 

Tergeo, tergere, tersi, tersum, to ivipe. 

Tondeo,* tondere, totondi, tonsum, to shave. 

Torqueo, torquere, torsi, tortum, to hurl. 

Torreo, torrere, torrui, tostum, to roast. 

Turgeo, turgere, tursi, sup. car. to swell. 

Urgeo, urgere, ursi, sup. car. to urge. 

Video, videre, vidi, visum, to see. 

Vieo, viere, vievi, vietum, to bind with twigs. 

Voveo, vovere, vovi, votum, to vow. 

* The compounds of these words do not double the first syl- 
lable. 



64 



DEPONENT AND COMMON VERBS. 

Confiteor, confiteri, confessus sum, to confess, 
Fateor, fateri, fassus* sum, to confess. 
Mlsereor, misereri, misertus sum, to pity. 
Eteor, reri, ratus sum, to suppose. 

THIRD CONJUGATION. 

ACTIVE AND NEUTER VERBS, 

Abdo,f abdere, abdidi, abditum, to hide. 

Abscondo, abscondere, , ' . absconditum, to hide. 

Accumbo, accumbere, accubui, accubitum, to recline. 

Agnosco, agnoscere, agnovi, agnitum, to own. 

Ago, agere, egi, actum, to do. 

Allicio, allicere, allexi, allectum, to allure. 

Alo, alere, alui, altum and alitum, to nourish. 

Arcesso, arcessere, arcesslvi, arcessitum, to call 

Arguo, arguere, argui, argutum, to prove. 

Assero, asserere, asserui, assertum, to claim, 

Bibo, bibere, bibi, bibitum, to drink. 

Cado, cadere, cecidi, casum, to fall. 

Csedo, caedere, cecidi, caesum, to beat. 

Cano, canere, cecini, cantum,J to sing. 

Capio, capere, cepi, captum, to take. 

Cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum, to yield. 

Cerno, cernere, pr. and sup. car, to perceive, 

Claudo, claudere, clausi, clausum, to close. 

Cogo, cogere, coegi, coactum, to compel. 

Colo, colere, colui, cultum, to honour. 

* The com pounds of fateor make fessus. 

t So addoj condo, dedo, dido, edo : obdo, prodo, reddo, subdv y 
trado, &o. 

X The compounds of cano make cinul and centum 



65 



Comedo, comedere, comedi, comesum, comestum, to eat. 

Como, comere, compsi, comptum, to dress. 

Compesco, eompescere, compescui, sup. car. to restrain. 

Concutio, contutere, concussi, concussum, to shake. 

Consulo, consulere, consului, consultum, to advise. 

Contemno, contemnere, contempsi, contemptum. 

Coquo, coquere, coxi, coctum, to boil. 

Curro, currere, cucurri, cursum, to run. 

Dego, degere, degi, sup. car. to live. 

Demo, demere, dempsi, demptum, to take away, 

Dico, dicere, dixi, dictum, to say. 

Diligo, diligere, dilexi, dilectum, to love. 

Disco, discere, didici, sup. car. to learn. 

DMdo, divide re, divisi, di visum, to divide. 

Duco, ducere, duxi, ductum, to lead. 

Edo, edere, edi, esum, to eat. 

Elicio, elicere, elicui, elicitum, to elicit. 

Emo, emere, emi, emptum, to buy. 

Facio,* facere, feci, factum, to make. 

Fallo, fallere, fefelli, faisum, to deceive. 

Fatisco, fatiscere, pr. and sup. car. to be iveary. 

Figo, figere, fixi, fixum, to fasten. 

Findo, fmdere, fidi, nssum, to cleave. 

Fingo, fingere, finxi, fictum, to feign. 

Flecto, rlectere, flexi, flectum, to bow. 

Fluo, fluere, fiuxi, fiuxum, to flow. 

Fodio, fodere, fodi, fossum, to dig. 

Franco, frano;ere, fregi, fractum, to break. 

Fiigio, fugere, fugi, fugitum, n. and a. to flee. 

Fundo, fundere, fudi, fusum, to pour out. 

* Facio, compounded with a noun, verb, or adverb, retains a 
in the supine : when compounded with a preposition it changes 
a to i. 

6* 



66 



Furo, furere, pr. and sup. car. to be mad. 

Gemo, gemere, gemui, gemTtum, to groan, 

Gero, gerere, gessi, gestum, to carry. 

Gigno, gignere, genui, genitum, to beget. 

Glubo, glubere, pr. and sup. car. to strip. 

Ico, icere, Tci, ictum, to strike. 

Jacio, jacere, jeci, jactum, to throw. 

Laedo, lsedere, laesi, lsesum, to hurt. 

Lambo, lambere, Iambi, sup. car. to lick. 

Lino, line re, levi and livi, litum, to anoint. 

Linquo, linquere, liqui, sup. car. to leave. 

Liido, ludere, lusi, lusum, to play. 

Luo*, lucre, lui, luitum, to suffer punishment. 

Mergo, meVgere, mersi, mersum, to plunge 

Meto, metere, messui, messum, to reap. 

Mitto, mittere, misi, missum, to send. 

Necto, nectere, nexi and nexui, nexum, to tie. 

Nosco, noscere, novi, notum, to know. 

Nubo, nubere, nupsi, nupta sum, nuptum, to marry. 

Parco, parcere, peperci, parsi, parsum, parsltum, to sport. 

Pando, pandere, pandi, pansum and passum, to open. 

Pango, pangere, panxi, pactum, to compose. 

Pario, parere,peperi, partum and paritum, to bring forth- 

Pasco, pascere, pavi, pastum, to feed. 

Pecto, pectere, pexi and pexui, pexum, to comb. 

Pello, pellere, pepuli,^pulsum, to thrust. 

Pendo, pendere, pependi, pensum, to weigh. 

Pergo, pergere, perrexi, perrectum, to go forward. 

Peto, petere petivi, petitum, to seek. 

Pingo, pingere, pinxi, pictum, to paint. [to bale*. 

Pinso, pinsere, pinsui, pinsi, pinsum, pistum, pinsitum, 

* The compounds of luo, have lutum in the supine, tho#« of 
ruo make rutum. 



67 



Plaudo, plaudere, plausi, plausum, to applaud. 

Plecto, plectSre, plexi and plexui, plexum, to plait. 

Pono, ponere, posui, posltum, to put. 

Posco, poscere, poposci, sup. car. to demand. 

Premo, premere, pressi, pressum, to press. 

Prodigo, prodigere, prodegi, sup. car. to lavish. 

Promo, promere, prompsi, promptum, to draw o-mt. 

Pungo, pungere, pupugi, punctum, to sting. 

Q/uagro, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesltum, to seek. 

Quatio, quatere, quassi, quassum, to shake. 

Rapio, rapere, rapui, raptum, to snatch. 

Rego, regere, rexi, rectum, to govern. 

Repo, repere, repsi, reptum, to creep. 

Rodo, rodere, rosi, rosum, to gnaw. 

Rudo, rudere, rudi, sup. car. to hray. 

Rumpo, rumpere, rupi, ruptum, to break. 

Ruo, mere, rui, ruitum, to fall. 

Sallo, sallere, salli, salsum, to salt, 

Sapio, sapsre, sapui and sapivi, sup. car. to be wiit. 

Satago, satagere, sategi, sup. car. to be busy. 

Scabo, scabere, scabi, sup. car. to scratch. 

Scando, scandere, scandi, scansum, to climb, 

Scindo, scindSre, scidi, scissum, to cut. 

Scnbo, scribere, scripsi, scriptum, to write. 

Sero, serere, sevi, satum,* to sow. 

Sido, sid^re, sldi, sup. car. to sink down. 

STno, sin j re, sTvi, situm, to suffer. 

Sisto, sistSre, stiti, statum, to stop. 

Sisto, sistere, steti, statum, neut. to stand. 

Solvo, solvere, solvi, solutum, to loose. 

Spargo, spargere, sparsi, sparsum, to spread. 

* The compounds of sero, make the supine in situm. 



68 



Sperno, spernere, sprevi, spretum, to disdain. 

Sterno, sternere, stravi, stratum, to prostrate. 

Sterto, stertere, stertui, sup. car. to snore. 

Strepo, strepere, strepui, strepitum, to be easy. 

Strldo, stridere, strldi, sup. car. to creak, 

Stringo, stringere, strinxi, strictum, to bind. 

Struo, struere, struxi, structum, to build. 

Sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sumptum, to take. 

Surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectum, to rise. 

Tanoro, tannrere, tetigi, tactum, to touch. 

Temno, temnere, pr. and sup. car. to despise. 

Tendo, tendere, tetendi, tensum and tentum, to stretch 

Tergo, tergere, tersi, tersum, to wipe. [out. 

Tero, terere, trivi, tritum, to bruise. 

Texo, texere, texui, textum, to weave. 

Tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatuin, to raise. 

Traho, trahere, traxi, tractum, to draw. 

Tremo, tremere, tremui, sup. car. to tremble. 

Trudo, trudere, trusi, trusum, to thrust. 

Tundo,* tundere, tutudi, tunsum and tusum, to beat. 

Uro, urere, ussi, ustum, to burn. 

Vado, vadere, pr. and sup. car. to go. 

Veho, vehere, vexi, vectum, to carry. 

Velio, vellere, velli and vulsi, vulsum, to pull. 

Verro, verrere, verri, versum, to sweep. 

Verto, vertere, verti, versum, to turn, 

Vinco, vincere, vici, victum, to conquer. 

Viso, visere, visi, visum, to visit. 

Vivo, vivere, vixi, victum, to live. 

Volvo, volvere, volvi, volutum, to roll. 

* The compounds of tundo make tunsum only. 



69 



DEPONENT AND COMMON VERBS. 

Adipiscor, adipisci, adeptus, ) ^ oUain 

Apiscor, apisci, aptus sum, j 

Comminiscor, comminisci, commentus sum, to invent 

Expergiscor, expergisci, experrectus sum, to awake. 

Fruor, frui, fruitus or fructus sum, to enjoy. 

Gradior, gradi, gressus sum, to go. 

Labor, labi, lapsus sum, to slide. 

Loquor, loqui, loquutus or locutus sum, to speak, 

Morior, mori and moriri, mortuus sum, to die. 

Nanciscor, nancisci, nactus sum, to acquire. 

Nascor, nasci, natus sum, to be born. 

Nltor, niti, nisus or nixus sum, to endeavour. 

Obliviscor, oblivisci, oblitus sum, to forget. 

Orior, oriri, ortus sum, to arise. 

Paciscor, pacisci, pactus sum, to bargain. 

Patior, pati, passus sum, to suffer. 

Proficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum, to depart. 

Queror, queri, questus sum, to complain. 

Sequor, sequi, sequutus or secutus sum, to follow, 

Ulciscor, ulcisci, ultus sum, to revenge. 

Utor, uti, usus sum, to use. 

FOURTH CONJUGATION. 

ACTIVE AND NEUTER VERBS. 

Amicio, amicire, amicui and amixi, amictum, to elothe. 

Aperio, aperire, aperui, apertum, to open. 

Dormio, dormire, dormivi, dormltum, to sleep. 

Ferio, ferire, pr. and sup. car. to strike. 

Fulcio, fulclre, fulci, fultum, to prop. 

Gestio, gestlre, gestivi, sup. car. to leap for joy. 

Haurio, haurire, hausi, haustum, hausum, to draw. 



70 



Ineptio, ineptire, ineptivi, sup. car. to play the foot 

Prosilio, prosilire, prosilui, sup. car. to leap forth. 

Salio, salire, salui* and salii, saltum, to leap. 

c . - sanxi, sanctum, . ,./* 

bancio, sancire, -' . ., 9 to ratify. 

9 sancivi, sancitum, J * 

Sarcio, sarcire, sarsi, sartum, to mend. 

Sentio, sentlre, sensi, sensum, to perceive. 

Sepelio, sepelire, sepelivi, sepultum, to bury. 

Sepio, sepire, sepsi, septum, to inclose. 

Singultio, singultire, singultivi, singultum, to sob. 

Veneo, venire, venii, sup. car. to be sold. 

Venio, venire, veni, ventum, to come. 

Vincio, vincire, vinxi, vinctum, to tie. 

DEPONENT AND COMMON VERBS. 

Experior, experiri, expertus sum, to try. 
Metior, metiri, mensus sum, to measure, 
Ordior, ordiri, orsus sum, to begin. 

' The compounds of salio have usually silui. 



W 119 



«fev+' 




<fev* 




***** • C*^ O *© • * * / 



"W 



^ 



n°* 











0-> ' 


















i^° a 







ip*. 






















VV 

^ Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process. 



A> - 






Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide 
Treatment Date: July 2006 



»> tt^^UWa * ireaimeni uaie: jury zuuo 

pp ^ V^i^jv* jF o PreservationTechnologies 

^ # ' ^ *$ *; A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATION 

%**°* ^ \f *l^t!Lr* ' 1 1 1 Thomson Park Drive 




Cranberry Township, PA 16066 
(724)779-2111 














? . <? ^ •. 



°o 



*°^ 














«5°^ 











.• >* *« 














